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| Johann Kaspar Lavater's silhouette machine. |
The German scientist, Johann Kaspar Lavater, (1741-1801) developed a "scientific" method for taking accurate silhouette portraits. He was also known as a poet and
physiognomist and was born at Zürich on the 15th of November 1741. He was
educated at the gymnasium of his native town, where J. J. Bodmer and J.
J. Breitinger were among his teachers. When barely one-and-twenty he
greatly distinguished himself by denouncing, in conjunction with his
friend, the painter H. Fuseli, an iniquitous magistrate, who was
compelled to make restitution of his ill-gotten gains. In 1769 Lavater
took orders, and officiated till his death as deacon or pastor in
various churches in his native city. His oratorical fervour and genuine
depth of conviction gave him great personal influence; he was
extensively consulted as a casuist, and was welcomed with demonstrative
enthusiasm in his numerous journeys through Germany. His mystical
writings were also widely popular. Scarcely a trace of this influence
has remained, and Lavater's name would be forgotten but for his work on
physiognomy, Physiognomische Fragmente zur Beförderung der Menschenkenntnis und Menschenliebe
(1775-1778). The fame even of this book, which found enthusiastic
admirers in France and England, as well as in Germany, rests to a great
extent upon the handsome style of publication and the accompanying
illustrations. It left, however, the study of physiognomy (q.v.), as desultory and unscientific as it found it. As a poet, Lavater published Christliche Lieder (1776-1780) and two epics, Jesus Messias (1780) and Joseph von Arimathia
(1794), in the style of Klopstock. More important and characteristic of
the religious temperament of Lavater's age are his introspective Aussichten in die Ewigkeit (4 vols., 1768-1778); Geheimes Tagebuch von einem Beobachter seiner selbst (2 vols., 1772-1773) and Pontius Pilatus, oder der Mensch in allen Gestalten
(4 vols., 1782-1785). From 1774 on, Goethe was intimately acquainted
with Lavater, but at a later period he became estranged from him,
somewhat abruptly accusing him of superstition and hypocrisy. Lavater
had a mystic's indifference to historical Christianity, and, although
esteemed by himself and others a champion of orthodoxy, was in fact only
an antagonist of rationalism. During the later years of his life his
influence waned, and he incurred ridicule by some exhibitions of vanity.
He redeemed himself by his patriotic conduct during the French
occupation of Switzerland, which brought about his tragical death. On
the taking of Zürich by the French in 1799, Lavater, while endeavouring
to appease the soldiery, was shot through the body by an infuriated
grenadier; he died after long sufferings borne with great fortitude, on
the 2nd of January 1801.
Lavater himself published two collections of his writings, Vermischte Schriften (2 vols., 1774-1781), and Kleinere prosaische Schriften (3 vols., 1784-1785). His Nachgelassene Schriften were edited by G. Gessner (5 vols., 1801-1802); Sämtliche Werke (but only poems) (6 vols., 1836-1838); Ausgewählte Schriften (8 vols., 1841-1844). See G. Gessner, Lavaters Lebensbeschreibung (3 vols., 1802-1803); U. Hegner, Beiträge zur Kenntnis Lavaters (1836); F. W. Bodemann, Lavater nach seinem Leben, Lehren und Wirken (1856; 2nd ed., 1877); F. Muncker, J. K. Lavater (1883); H. Waser, J. K. Lavater nach Hegners Aufzeichnungen (1894); J. K. Lavater, Denkschrift zum 100. Todestag (1902).
