Provocation: Abraham Lincoln and Cabin Building

       In addition to our social studies curriculum, where we learned about George Washington, we took some of our morning work time to also explore more about Abraham Lincoln's life to celebrate President's day. I set up a provocation for the students where they were asked how they would design and build a log cabin. To aid them, I set out the following materials: books on Abraham Lincoln and a Eric Sloan's book American Yesterday--which has tons of illustrations on early American houses, a few drawings of log cabin plans and blueprints, the My Plan paper, Lincoln Logs, and a Presidents Field Guide. 

       Here were a few of their creations they built based off of the plans they drew...

       The students then brought their plans to our morning to meeting to share with one another and discussed what worked and what didn't work when they were building their cabins, as well as what sorts of items they would house their cabins with and why. 

       Later on, we extended our learning by taking the book Abe Lincoln: The Boy Who Loved Books to further practice our ability to infer the meaning of unknown words when reading:

Emancipation Proclamation

       The Emancipation Proclamation is a state paper issued by President Lincoln, January 1, 1863, by which all slaves in the states or parts of states actually engaged in rebellion and unrepresented in Congress, or not in possession of the Union armies, were declared free. It was justified as a "fit and necessary war measure" and had been contemplated by Lincoln for many months. When, in September, 1862, Lee was checked at the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary statement announcing his intention of declaring the slaves free on January 1rst if the South in the meantime did not return to the Union. The final proclamation did not legally abolish slavery, but abolition was made effective by the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln.

Reproduction of the Emancipation Proclamation at the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio

• A zoomable image of the Leland-Boker authorized edition of the Emancipation Proclamation held by the British Library
• Lesson plan on Emancipation Proclamation from EDSITEment NEH
• Text and images of the Emancipation Proclamation from the National Archives
• Emancipation Proclamation and related resources at the Library of Congress
• Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Emancipation Proclamation
• First Edition Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 Harper's Weekly
• Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War
• American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists, chronology of Abraham Lincoln and emancipation
• Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation at the New York State Library – images and transcript of Lincoln's original manuscript of the preliminary proclamation
• The Emancipation Proclamation public domain audiobook at LibriVox

President Abraham Lincoln's Death

       The war by this time was inevitably drawing to a close, and on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House. Five days later the nation was plunged into deepest grief. Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, while attending a performance at Ford's Theater in Washington, on the evening of Good Friday, April 14. He died the following morning. Southern leaders mourned his loss as that of a sincere and magnanimous opponent, and European statesmen united in conceding to him all the highest qualities of manhood and statesmanship, while the grief of the people of the North, who had considered him their truest friend - indeed, their savior - was almost too great for expression. The years since his death  have served to raise rather than to lower, the general estimate of his service to the Union and of the high moral qualities which his character exemplified.

Visit Ford's Theater.

Lincoln Becomes A National Figure

       For several years Lincoln was absorbed in his practice, but the great slavery controversy, ever growing more intense, could not fail to awaken his interest in political issues. In 1854 he publicly announced his opposition to Senator Stephen A. Douglas, father of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and of the doctrine of squatter sovereignty, and his speeches on the subject were so logical and forcible that the Whigs in the state legislature chose him as their candidate for Senator. Lincoln was not elected, but his friends, by combining with the anti-slavery Democrats, elected Lyman Trumbull, who was opposed to Douglas. In the organization of the new Republican party Lincoln stood out as the leading figure from Illinois, and in the national convention of 1856 his name was mentioned for Vice-President.

       Two years later came the famous Lincoln, Douglas debates, by which, though defeated in his candidacy for the Senate, Lincoln attracted the attention of the whole country. In them he displayed not only admirable sincerity and insight, but exceptional political shrewdness, and it was not long before his name was prominently mentioned as a candidate for President. His famous Cooper Union speech in 1860 at New York made him the most conspicuous figure in Republican politics, and at the convention at Chicago, after a spirited contest with Seward, Chase, Cameron and Bates, he was nominated upon a vigorous anti-slavery platform. The campaign which followed was one of the most momentous in the history of the United States. The Democratic party, having been disorganized and divided, presented two candidates, Douglas and Breckenridge, while the Constitutional Union party, which took a neutral stand, nominated John Bell. Lincoln secured 180 electoral votes out of a total of 303, and his popular vote was 1,866,452. He lacked almost a million votes of a majority.

       His election was the signal for secession by South Carolina, - which had long contemplated the possibility of such a step if the demands of the slavery faction were not heeded. The action was taken in December, and South Carolina was followed by the Gulf States and within a few months by four others. Lincoln was inaugurated March 4, 1861, and in a memorable address he urged the people of all sections to unite in upholding the Union. He called to his Cabinet all his principal rivals in the Chicago convention, and by every means in his power he sought to avert a civil war, which seemed inevitable. His efforts were in vain, however, and on April 14th  the war began with the bombardment of Fort Sumter.

"A short video that showcases Fort Sumter National Monument (Where the American Civil War began April 12th 1861). 150 years ago. Produced by Garrett Johnston Productions. Expert Commentary from Park Rangers Donel"

Lincoln As President

       Throughout the war Lincoln displayed that firmness, generosity and foresight which he had disclosed in his previous career. He was tenderhearted, patient and absolutely lacking in malice, but unyielding when it came to a question of principle. Therefore he resolutely refused to come to terms with the South until the idea of secession should be abandoned. Though he hated slavery as an inhuman and undemocratic institution, he stated publicly in August, 1862, ''My paramount object is to save the Union, it is not either to save or to destroy slavery." When he became convinced that the nation could never endure half slave and half free, he decided on one of the most important steps of his career, the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. This decision had the effect of uniting and strengthening the anti-slavery people of the North, and it gave the government increased prestige abroad.

       Though the North had been fighting the first two years of the war without signal success, there were encouraging signs of a turn in the tide in the summer of 1863, when Meade checked Lee at Gettysburg, and Grant captured Vicksburg. In November, 1863, Lincoln spoke at the dedication of the battlefield of Gettysburg, giving a short, simple address that has since become a classic of American literature. (For the full text, see Gettysburg Address.) These stirring events were followed by the appointment of Grant as commander in chief of the Union armies, and the Presidential and Congressional elections of 1864.

       In the light of the universal esteem in which Lincoln is held to-day it seems difficult to realize that he had bitter opponents in the North. His enforcement of the unpopular draft act, his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, and certain arbitrary measures which were taken to check Southern sympathizers, aroused much hostile criticism, and he was denounced as a tyrant. A strong faction also clamored for peace on the ground that the war was a failure, and on this platform the Democrats nominated McClellan in 1864. The result showed that the people as a whole trusted Lincoln and knew that he was exercising what seemed to be autocratic power because he had the consent of the people. He was returned to office by an electoral vote of 212, against twenty-one for McClellan. The popular vote was 2,330,552 against 1,835,985. In his second inaugural address Lincoln again rose to heights of simple eloquence and to and idealism rarely equaled in American oratory, and in closing he uttered words that could come only from the mind and heart of a truly great man:

"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and for his orphan - to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations." 

• The Emancipation Proclamation
• President Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus during the Civil War

Time Line for Lincoln's Administration 1861-1865

Abraham Lincoln - Statue at Entrance to Lincoln Park, Chicago.
Read more about the statue - pdf file from livinghistoryofillinois.com

Administration of Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865

I. The President

• Birth
• Parentage
• Youth
• As a lawyer
• Public career
• Character
• Death

II. Governmental Affairs
1. Domestic

• First call for militia
• Blockade ordered
• Suspension of "habeas corpus" 
• Financial measures
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Thirteenth Amendment
• Nevada and West Virginia admitted

2. Foreign

• Trent affair
• Alabama affair

III. The Civil War
1. Outbreak and campaign of 1861-1862
   a. Fall of Fort Sumter
   b. Campaigns in the east

      1. Bull Run
      2. Army of the Potomac
      3. The Monitor and the Merrimac

   c. Campaigns in the west

      1. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

      2. Pittsburg Landing and Shiloh

      3. Capture of New Orleans

      4. Missouri saved to the Union

2. Campaigns of 1862-1863

   a. In the East

      1. The Peninsula Campaign

      2. Jackson in the  Shenandoah

      3. Lee's invasion of Maryland

      4. Fredericksburg

   b. In the West

      1. Buell-Bragg in Kentucky

         a. Battle of Perryville

         b. Stone River

3. Campaigns of 1863-1864

   a. In the East

      1. Chancellorsville

      2. Gettysburg

   b. In the West

      1. The Mississippi Campaign

      2. The campaign in Tennessee

4. The last year of the war

   a. The Richmond campaign

      1. Battle of the Wilderness

      2. Sheridan's Campaign

      3. Fall of Richmond

      4. Surrender of Lee at Appomattox

   b. The Atlanta campaign and the March to the Sea

      1. Kenesaw Mountain

      2. Battle of Atlanta

      3. Franklin and Nashville

      4. Capture of Savannah and Charleston

      5. Surrender of Johnston

   c. Death of Lincoln

Questions:

1. When and where was Abraham Lincoln born?
2. Give a brief account of his youth and the character of his education.
3. What public offices had he held before he was elected President?
4. What is meant by the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus?
5. Do you see any reasons why Lincoln should have desired its suspension during the war ?
6. What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
7. How was it justified?
8. When was the Thirteenth Amendment adopted? What are its provisions?
9. What bombardment began the Civil War?

Lincoln's Early Career

Abraham Lincoln portrait.
Find photographs of Lincoln here.

       When Lincoln was twenty-one his father moved to Macon County, Illinois, settling on a claim on the Sangamon River. The young man helped his father build a house and break fifteen acres of land, and he also split rails for fences. A year later, in 1831, he was hired by John Hanks, a relative, to help take a boatload of goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans. This was Lincoln's first extended journey from home, and it was of some importance in that it gave him his first view of slavery. After his return, in 1832, he enlisted in the Black Hawk War, serving from April to June, made an unsuccessful attempt to enter the state legislature as a Whig, and for a period kept a dry-goods and grocery store at the settlement of New Salem. This venture burdened him with debts which hung over him for the next fifteen years, and it was quickly abandoned. In May, 1833, he was appointed postmaster at New Salem, an office with light duties and lighter pay. During his three years' tenure of this position he studied law and politics to good purpose, and served also as deputy surveyor.

       Lincoln was elected to the lower house of the state legislature in 1834 and retained his seat until 1842. In the campaign of 1836 he went on record as an advocate of woman suffrage, a movement which then was decidedly not popular. He was also forming his views on slavery, to which he was always opposed on principle. He then believed, however, that Congress could not under the Constitution interfere with slavery where it existed. Meantime he had steadily continued his law studies, and in 1837 was admitted to the bar. In 1839 he set up an office with John T. Stuart as his partner, in Springfield, the newly established capital of Illinois. Two years later Lincoln formed another partnership with ex-Judge Stephen T. Logan, but this was dissolved in 1843, when the partners became rival candidates for election to Congress. Lincoln, though defeated this time, won a Congressional seat in 1846, and served one term.

        He gained no particular distinction in Congress, but he consistently voted and talked against slavery Meanwhile, in 1842, he had married Mary Todd, daughter of the Hon. Robert S. Todd, of Lexington, Ky. At the close of his term Lincoln resumed his law practice in Springfield, becoming one of the best known lawyers of the state. An excellent account of his method as a cross-examiner will be found in Edward Eggleston's The Graysons, in which an episode based on fact is narrated.

• Biography of Mary Anne Todd Lincoln
• Mary Todd Lincoln House
• Video about Mary Todd Lincoln's Home

The Ancestry and Boyhood of Abraham Lincoln

One of Lincoln's childhood homes.

       The ancestry of the Lincoln family may be traced to an English weaver named Samuel Lincoln, who emigrated to America in 1637 and settled in Hingham, Mass. His descendants moved southward until they reached Kentucky, where Thomas, the father of Abraham, learned the trade of carpenter. In 1806 he married a girl named Nancy Hanks, and in the course of a year or two they removed to Hardin (now La Rue) County, Kentucky. On February 12, 1809, a son was born to the couple, whom they named Abraham, after the father of Thomas. They were then living in a hut made of rough logs, floorless, and containing only the barest necessities of life. Thomas Lincoln was of a roving disposition, and after one removal in Kentucky, he took his family to a new farm in Spencer County, Indiana, where for a year they lived in a shed open to the weather on one side. Seven-year-old Abraham helped his shiftless father build a more suitable home, but even this was without doors,  windows or floor when they moved into it, and it remained half finished for months. In 1818 the mother died. In that lonely region there was no one to preach the funeral sermon, and the husband himself made the simple coffin and dug the grave.

       A year later, while on a visit to Kentucky, Mr. Lincoln married an old friend, Mrs. Sarah Bush Johnson. She was a widow with three children, a woman of considerable force of character, and her entrance into the family was the beginning of better things for Abraham and his sister. She made the cabin decent by comfortable furnishings, and forced her procrastinating husband to finish it without any more delay. Her stepson was encouraged to study at home, for the only schooling available in that neighborhood, which was still roamed by bears and other wild animals, was the instruction given occasionally by half-educated masters who could only read, write and "cipher to the rule of three." Abraham zealously practiced writing and ciphering at home, using in lieu of pencil and paper, a bit of chalk and the cabin walls, or a piece of wood which he whittled clean when he had covered

it with marks. 

       Such books as he could beg or borrow he read and reread, and his library included the Bible, Aesop's Fables, Pilgrim's Progress and Weems' Life of Washington. How much his reading influenced him is indicated by that clear and illuminating style that characterized all of his state utterances. As time passed he gained a local reputation as a humorist, for he could tell a funny story expertly, and he had, besides, a fund of original humor that made him very human and likable. Before he became of age he had reached his great height of six feet four inches, and his awkward appearance itself was certain to arouse the mirth of his hearers. 

• Abraham Lincoln's Birthplace at Knob Creek
• Lincoln's Indiana Boyhood Home

Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

LINCOLN'S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

       Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now, we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation - or any nation so conceived and so established - can long endure.

       We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting- place of those who have given their lives that the nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

       But in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add to or to detract. The world will very little note nor long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what they did here.

       It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here, to the unfinished work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that from those honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 

Young students recite the Gettysburg Address.

Lincoln

 Lincoln

With life unsullied from his youth,

He meekly took the ruler's rod,

And, wielding it in love and truth.

He lived, the noblest work of God.

He knew no fierce, unbalanced zeal.

That spurns all human differings.

Nor craven fear that shuns the steel

That carves the way to better things.

And in the night of blood and grief,

When horror rested on the ark,

His was the calm, undimmed belief

That felt God's presence in the dark;

Full well he knew each wandering star.

That once had decked the azure dome

Would tremble through the clouds of War,

And, like a prodigal, come home.

He perished ere the angel Peace

Had rolled war's curtains from the sky.

But he shall live when wars shall cease -

The good and great can never die;

For though his heart lies cold and still

We feel its beatings warm and grand.

And still his spirit pulses thrill

Through all the councils of the land.

Oh, for the hosts that sleep to-day.

Lulled by the sound of Southern waves;

The sun that lit them in the fray

Now warms the flowers upon their graves-

Sweet flowers that speak like words of love

Between the forms of friend and foe,

Perchance their spirits meet above,

Who crossed their battle-blades below.

Abraham Lincoln by James Russel Lowell

ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

by James Russel Lowell.

Nature, they say, doth dote.

And can not make a man

Save on some worn-out plan,

Repeating us by rote.

For him her Old-World moulds aside she threw.

And, choosing sweet clay from the breast

Of the unexhausted West,

With stuff untainted shaped a hero new.

Wise, steadfast in the strength of God, and true.

Great captains, with their guns and drums,

Disturb our judgment for the hour.

But at last silence comes;

These all are gone, and, standing like a tower,

Our children shall behold his fame;

The kindly, earnest, grave, foreseeing man.

Sagacious, patient, dreading praise, not blame

New birth of our new soil - the first American.

Questions and Answers About Lincoln

After Washington, who is called the greatest American?

Answer: Abraham Lincoln, who was elected President of the United States in the year 1860, and who was re-elected to the same high position in the year 1864, and was assassinated the year 1865.

What were some of the difficulties that Abraham Lincoln overcame as child and youth in his preparation for a useful and honorable career?

Answer: Abraham Lincoln's parents were poor. They lived in the backwoods among rude and ignorant neighbors in an unfinished, almost unfurnished log cabin. His father could not read or write. They took no papers and had no books except the Bible.

What qualities and aids did Abraham Lincoln possess and secure to meet and overcome his disadvantages?

Answer: Abraham Lincoln had a good memory, a great desire to learn, great patience, and perseverance. His mother taught him to read and write. He would travel miles to borrow any book he heard of and would read by the fire-light from the open hearth.

What occupations did he pursue as boy and man on his way from the cabin to the White House?

Answer: Abraham Lincoln was a wood chopper, rail splitter, ferry boatman, flat boatman, storekeeper as clerk and owner, postmaster, surveyor, lawyer, legislator, and congressman.

What was remarkable about the person and appearance of Abraham Lincoln?

Answer: Abraham Lincoln was six feet and four inches tall, very spare, angular and awkward in gesture.

He dressed in plain black clothes somewhat neglected and loose. He wore a black silk hat. His face was very spare, and his eyes deeply sunk, wore an expression of great sadness.

Name a few of the most notable public addresses of Abraham Lincoln.

Answer: The debates of Abraham Lincoln with Stephen A. Douglas made him known to the whole country as the coming man. His address before a great audience at Cooper Union confirmed his reputation as an orator. His two inaugural addresses won him friends and fame. His Gettysburg address ranks with the efforts of the greatest speakers of all time, and though brief, makes a fitting companion piece for Washington's Farewell Address.

What elements of political sagacity did Abraham Lincoln posses and exert, that caused his administration of his great office to be successful?

Answer: Abraham Lincoln had a knowledge of man and when he believed in a man he gave him a fair trial and time to develop and carry out his plans - but he had the courage and firmness to displace the McClellans and Meades, and to sustain the Grants, Shermans, and Sheridans to the end, despite of what politicians and critics hinted or said.

What great instrument did he issue to hasten the end of the war?

Answer: The Emancipation Proclamation, which was followed by such action of Congress as put an end to slavery in the United States.

Why do we Americans admire Abraham Lincoln?

Answer: Americans, with the rest of the civilized world, admire "Honest Old Abe" for his clear foresight, his honest purpose to maintain the union of these states, and his successful suppression of the greatest rebellion under the sun.

Why do we Americans love the memory of Abraham Lincoln?

Answer: Americans love the memory of Abraham Lincoln, the affectionate son of an affectionate mother. He loved the common people, was plain and simple in his life, was kind to the soldier boys, thoughtful for their families, and mourned over the dead.

Lincoln's Birthday

Lincoln's Birthday

by Ida Vose Woodbury.

Again thy birthday dawns, man beloved.
Dawns on the land thy blood was shed to save,
Aud hearts of millions, by one impulse moved,
Bow and fresh laurels lay upon thy grave.

The years but add new luster to thy glory.
And watchmen on the heights of vision see
Reflected in thy life the old, old story.
The story of the Man of Galilee.

We see in thee the image of Him kneeling
Before the close-shut tomb, and at the word
"Come forth," from out the blackness long concealing
There rose a man; clearly again was heard

The Master's voice, and then, his cerements broken.
Friends of the dead a living brother see;
Thou, at the tomb where millions lay, hath spoken:
Loose him and let him go I - the slave was free.

And in the man so long in thralldom hidden
We see the likeness of the Father's face,
Clod changed to soul; by thy atonement bidden,
We hasten to the uplift of a race.

Spirit of Lincoln! summon all thy loyal;
Nerve them to follow where thy feet have trod.
To prove by voice as clear and deed as royal,
Man's brotherhood in our one Father - God.

Sayings About Lincoln

Sayings About Lincoln 

(For Eight Children)

1rst child - He surpassed all orators in eloquence, all diplomatists in wisdom, all statesmen in foresight, and the most ambitious in fame. - John J. Ingalla.

2nd child - Having determined upon the profession of law, he fenced in his mind with the same energy and resolution with which he had split three thousand rails to fence In the field around his father's home.  - Joseph P. Thompson.

3rd child - A poor, plain, simple, honest, laborious American life, with learning drained chiefly from nature, made him healthy, strong, self-reliant, calm, true, honest, brave, diligent, and developed all the true manlier qualities. - Chas. M. Ellis.  

4rth child - He had the heart of a child and the intellect of a philosopher. A patriot without guile, a politician without cunning or selfishness, a statesman of practical sense rather than fine-spun theory. - Andrew Shuman.

5th child - President Lincoln's Gettysburg Address was the highwater mark of American oratory. - Thomas Wentworth Higginson.

6th child - Not a sovereign in Europe, however trained from the cradle for state pomps, and however prompted by statesmen and courtiers, could have uttered himself more regally than did Lincoln at Gettysburg. -  Goldwin Smith.

7th child - One of the noteworthy features of Lincoln's wonderful life was the manifestly deepening of his sense of God's presence and providence during those later years when he bore the imperiled nation on his heart. - John H. Barrows.

8th child - I am sure, as millions have said, that, take him for all in all, we never shall look upon his like again. - John W. Forney.

Lincoln

Click to enlarge and download.

Lincoln by Nancy Byrd Turner

There was a boy of other days,

A quiet, awkward, earnest lad,

Who trudged long weary miles to get

 A book on which his heart was set--

And then no candle had!

He was too poor to buy a lamp

But very wise in woodmen's ways.

He gathered seasoned bough and stem,

And crisping leaf, and kindled them

Into a ruddy blaze.

Then as he lay full length and read,

The firelight flickered on his face,

And etched his shadow on the gloom,

And made a picture in the room,

In that most humble place.

The hard years came, the hard years went,

But, gentle, brave, and strong of will,

He met them all. And when today

We see his pictured face we say, 

"There's light upon it still."