Monday, December 23, 2013

Vulgar Vinegar for Valentines Day?

Pin this image only please.
      Vinegar valentines are greeting cards, or rather insult cards. They are decorated with a caricature, and below an insulting poem. Ostensibly given on Valentine's Day, the caricature and poem is about the "type" that the recipient belongs to--spinster, floozy, dude, scholar, etc.
      These cynical, sarcastic, often mean-spirited greeting cards were first produced in America as early as the 1840s by a variety of printing companies, including Elton, Fisher, Strong and Turner. By the 1870s, other entrepreneurs such as New York printer, John McLoughlin, and his cartoonist, Charles Howard were creating their own lines of cards. While different European companies also produced the humorous cards in the early 19th century, one of the most prestigious firms to create them around 1900 was Raphael Tuck & Sons, "Publishers to Their Majesties the King and Queen of England."
      Cheaply made, vinegar valentines were usually printed on one side of a single sheet of paper and cost only a penny. Novice collectors mistakenly call them penny dreadfuls, although that term in fact refers to a form of potboiler fiction. They often featured garish caricatures of men like the "Dude" or women like the "Floozy." One reason they rapidly became popular throughout America and Europe was because literacy rates were increasing at that time among the poor and working classes who rarely had much more than a penny to spend on such luxuries. But, according to noted valentine authority Nancy Rosin, vice-president of the National Valentine Collectors Association, their use wasn't restricted to the lower economic classes.
      The unflattering cards reportedly created a stir throughout all social levels, sometimes provoking fistfights and arguments. Ironically, the receiver, not the sender, was responsible for the cost of postage up until the 1840s. A person in those days paid for the privilege of being insulted by an often anonymous "admirer." Millions of vinegar valentines, with verses that insulted a person's looks, intelligence, or occupation, were sold between the 19th and 20th centuries.
      The cards are usually simply a sheet of thin, colored paper, about the size of a modern greeting card. They were later also produced in the form of postcards. They were usually sent anonymously. Postmasters sometimes confiscated these cards as unfit to be mailed and at the end of the 1940s and 50s, the cost of the Vinegar Valentines was five cents.
      The cards were first produced in the late Victorian era and enjoyed their greatest popularity in that period and in the first quarter of the 20th century.

Vulgar Vinegar Valentines from 1910

Bow Legs: "You couldn't catch a pig, and it seems to me your legs were
warped during hot weather. But one thing, Mr. Wishbone, you need not fear
your knees will never knock together."
Henpecked Husband: "The way you brag in the saloons you'd think
you were boss in the house, but at home you wash the dishes and
keep just as quiet as a mouse.
Miser: "You slave and save and starve yourself and I can't see
the reason why you've hoarded all those piles of money.
You can't take it with you when you die."
Saleslady: "As you wait upon the women with disgust upon your face,
 the way you snap and bark at them, one would think you owned the place."
Singer Male: "Your voice has sufficient volume if mere noise is to be your goal.
I think you'd make a roaring hit on a wagon hollering "Coal"!"

The Manufactured Valentine

Manufactured Valentines. Pin this image only please.
      In 1797, a British publisher issued The Young Man's Valentine Writer, which contained scores of suggested sentimental verses for the young lover unable to compose his own. Printers had already begun producing a limited number of cards with verses and sketches, called "mechanical valentines," and a reduction in postal rates in the next century ushered in the less personal but easier practice of mailing Valentines. That, in turn, made it possible for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which is taken as the reason for the sudden appearance of racy verse in an era otherwise prudishly Victorian.
      Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the early 19th century that they were assembled in factories. Fancy Valentines were made with real lace and ribbons, with paper lace introduced in the mid-19th century. The reinvention of Saint Valentine's Day in the 1840s has been traced by Leigh Eric Schmidt. As a writer in Graham's American Monthly observed in 1849, "Saint Valentine's Day... is becoming, nay it has become, a national holyday." Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection from the Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from the early nineteenth century, printed by the major publishers of the day. The collection is cataloged in Laura Seddon's bookVictorian Valentines (1996)
      In the United States, the first mass-produced valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther Howland (1828–1904) of Worcester, Massachusetts. Her father operated a large book and stationery store, but Howland took her inspiration from an English Valentine she had received from a business associate of her father. Intrigued with the idea of making similar Valentines, Howland began her business by importing paper lace and floral decorations from England. The English practice of sending Valentine's cards was established enough to feature as a plot device in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851): "I burst in with my explanations: '"The valentine I know nothing about." '"It is in your handwriting", said he coldly. Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual "Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary."
      Since the 19th century, handwritten notes have given way to mass-produced greeting cards. In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines and around 1.3 billion pounds are spent yearly on cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts, with an estimated 25 million cards being sent. The mid-19th century Valentine's Day trade was a harbinger of further commercialized holidays in the United States to follow.
      In the second half of the 20th century, the practice of exchanging cards was extended to all manner of gifts. Such gifts typically include roses and chocolates packed in a red satin, heart-shaped box. In the 1980s, the diamond industry began to promote Valentine's Day as an occasion for giving jewelry.
      The U.S. Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately 190 million valentines are sent each year in the US. Half of those valentines are given to family members other than husband or wife, usually to children. When you include the valentine-exchange cards made in school activities the figure goes up to 1 billion, and teachers become the people receiving the most valentines.
      The rise of Internet popularity at the turn of the millennium is creating new traditions. Millions of people use, every year, digital means of creating and sending Valentine's Day greeting messages such as e-card, love coupons or printable greeting cards. An estimated 15 million e-valentines were sent in 2010.
     I've included below a few excellent examples of manufactured, Victorian Valentine postcards from the very early 1900s. Students may print them out to paste together their own collaged versions of Valentines to gift to their family, friends and sweethearts.

"Let Hearts and thoughts entwine," while this
Victorian cupid plays a romantic verse.

This Victorian postcard reads, "All that's fair, by Love's decree, has been made resembling thee!"

A stylized Victorian postcard of a paeonia and pink ribbon.

A Victorian postcard illustrating a marriage proposal.

A Victorian postcard illustrating a lovely lady, heart, and pansies.

An early embossed Victorian Valentine postcard depicting
a cupid or cherub seated on top of a large red heart.


Saturday, December 21, 2013

Craft Valentine's Day Journals

      Valentine's Day journals afford for teachers the perfect project opportunity to teach students about anthologies.  Challenge your students to collect a variety of romantic poems and photographs, along with pinning a letter to their special someone within a few handwritten and illustrated journal pages.
      The first set of Valentine journals were made by simply folding heavy, decorative papers measuring 8 1/2 by 11 in half. The inside pages were cut slightly smaller and then sewn into the cover. (see video) 
Two simple Valentine journals made by my daughter to give as gifts. She left these blank so that others
could add sentiments of their own.


"This tutorial will show you how to use stitching/sewing to bind together paper and create a journal. I am creating a watercolor journal to carry with me, so the paper I am using is heavy/thick. This method can be used on regular weight paper." by Stampin' Dymonz

These journals, also made by one of my daughters, were assembled by stringing a lace ribbon through corresponding
holes punched into a small collection of pages. She layered decorative papers and tiny decorative embellishments
 on top of her journal covers to create unique designs.
      An anthology is a collection of literary works chosen by the compiler. It may be a collection of poems, short stories, plays, songs, or excerpts. In genre fiction anthology is used to categorize collections of shorter works such as short stories and short novels, usually collected into a single volume for publication.
      In the twentieth century, anthologies became an important part of poetry publishing for a number of reasons. For English poetry, the Georgian poetry series was trend-setting; it showed the potential success of publishing an identifiable group of younger poets marked out as a 'generation'. It was followed by numerous collections from the 'stable' of some literary editor, or collated from a given publication, or labelled in some fashion as 'poems of the year'. Academic publishing also followed suit, with the success of the Quiller-Couch Oxford Book of English Verse encouraging other collections not limited to modern poetry. In fact the concept of 'modern verse' was fostered by the appearance of the phrase in titles such as the Faber & Faber anthology by Michael Roberts, and the very different William Butler Yeats Oxford Book of Modern Verse.
      Since publishers generally found anthology publication a more flexible medium than the collection of a single poet's work, and indeed rang innumerable changes on the idea as a way of marketing poetry, publication in an anthology (in the right company) became at times a sought-after form of recognition for poets. The self-definition of movements, dating back at least to Ezra Pound's efforts on behalf of Imagism, could be linked on one front to the production of an anthology of the like-minded. Also, whilst not connected with poetry, publishers have produced collective works of fiction from a number of authors and used the term anthology to describe the collective nature of the text.
      Teachers can direct students to the Poetry Bookshelf of Romantic Collections at Gutenberg. If they find something here that they like, they may use it inside their journal.

More Romantic Valentine Journals:

Friday, December 20, 2013

A Mother's Valentines

By George Cooper, 1906

Little ones met round the table
When the February snow,
With a silence all unbroken,
Glistened in the starry glow.

There were Bessie, Madge and Percy,
And the youngest, Baby Lou;
Glossy heads were bending over
Some hard task they had to do.

Busy pens were nimbly scratching;
Tiny finger-tips, once pink,
Had achieved a lavish coating
Of papa's forbidden ink.

Every sunny brow looked puzzled,
Each was quiet as could be;
There was something secret brew-
ing
That was very plain to see.

Smilingly their mother watched them 
Till the clock ticked on to nine;
But their bright eyes ne'er grew
weary,
And of sleep they gave no sign.

"Come, my darlings," whispered 
mother,
"Time for all to be in bed!"
And her gentle voice, like music,
Roused each pretty, drooping head.

When four snowy sheets of paper
Dimpled hand had folded tight,
Mother kissed her laughing darlings,
And they bade her sweet "good
night."

But she heard their whispered plot-
ting,
Till they sank to pleasant sleep;
And she prayed the Heavenly Father
All her little ones to keep.

When the morning's gold is glittering
On the ice-gems of the trees, 
Four wee letters, neatly folded,
On the door-sill mother sees;

And she opens, and she reads them,
With a mother's pure delight;
Now she understands the meaning
Of the mystery last night.

Thursday, December 19, 2013

"When The Saints Go Marching In"

      "When the Saints Go Marching In", often referred to as "The Saints", is an American gospel hymn. The precise origins of the song are not known. Though it originated as a Christian hymn, it is often played by jazz bands. The song is sometimes confused with a similarly titled composition "When the Saints are Marching In" from 1896 by Katharine Purvis (lyrics) and James Milton Black (music).
      Luther G. Presley, who wrote the lyrics, and Virgil Oliver Stamps, who wrote the music, popularized the tune as a gospel song. A similar version was copyrighted by R.E. Winsett. Although the song is still heard as a slow spiritual number, since the mid 20th century it has been more commonly performed as a "hot" number. The tune is particularly associated with the city of New Orleans. A jazz standard, it has been recorded by a great many jazz and pop artists.
      Both vocal and instrumental renditions of the song abound. Louis Armstrong was one of the first to make the tune into a nationally known pop tune in the 1930s. Armstrong wrote that his sister told him she thought the secular performance style of the traditional church tune was inappropriate and irreligious. Armstrong was in a New Orleans tradition of turning church numbers into brass band and dance numbers that went back at least to Buddy Bolden's band at the start of the 20th century.
      In New Orleans, the song is traditionally used as a funeral march at "jazz funerals". While accompanying the coffin to the cemetery, a band plays the tune as a dirge. Returning from the interment, the band switches to the familiar upbeat "hot" or "Dixieland" style of play.

Louis Armstrong - live in australia - When The Saints Go Marching In

March, 1963, Sydney, Australia
Armstrong, Louis (Trumpet, Vocal)
Young, Trummy (Trombone)
Darensbourg, Joe (Clarinet)
Kyle, Billy (Piano)
Shaw, Arvell (Bass)
Barcelona, Danny (Drums)

Monday, December 9, 2013

"The Queen of Hearts" by Randolph Caldecott

      The internet archive has a lovely little book, "The Queen of Hearts" by Randolph Caldecott. I thought that some of my readers might take a peek and upcycle some of these lovely old illustrations into Valentines this year.


       Randolph Caldecott (22 March 1846 – 12 February 1886) was a British artist and illustrator, born in Chester. The Caldecott Medal was named in his honor. He exercised his art chiefly in book illustrations. His abilities as an artist were promptly and generously recognized by the Royal Academy. Caldecott greatly influenced illustration of children's books during the nineteenth century. Two books illustrated by him, priced at a shilling each, were published every Christmas for eight years.
       Caldecott's output, however, ranged wider than this: he illustrated novels and accounts of foreign travel, made humorous drawings depicting hunting and fashionable life, drew cartoons and he made sketches of the Houses of Parliament inside and out, and exhibited sculptures and paintings in oil and watercolour in the Royal Academy and galleries. Read more . . .
Online collections
Miscellaneous

Friday, November 29, 2013

How Teachers Can Craft a Giant, Recyclable, Snowman for Their Classrooms

       I just happened to come across the following video for building a snowman from 700 plastic cups. This is the kind of recyclable "prop" that a school teacher can use and loose without much hassle. You will also need a bit of transparent tape and a loaded stapler!

Tutorial how to make a snowman out of plastic cups

More Fun Video About Building Winter Structures:

Tuesday, November 19, 2013

"Snow White" at Thrifty Scissors

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      "Snow White" is a German fairy tale known across much of Europe, and is today one of the most famous fairy tales worldwide. The Brothers Grimm published it in 1812 in the first edition of their collection Grimms' Fairy Tales. It was titled in German: Sneewittchen (in modern orthography Schneewittchen), and numbered as Tale 53. The Grimms completed their final revision of the story in 1854.
      The fairy tale features such elements as the magic mirror, the poisoned apple, the glass coffin, and the characters of the evil queen and the seven dwarfs, who were first given individual names in the Broadway play Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1912) and then given different names in Walt Disney's 1937 film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The Grimm story, which is commonly referred to as "Snow White", should not be confused with the story of "Snow White and Rose Red" (in German "Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot"), another fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm.
      In the Aarne-Thompson folklore classification, tales of this kind are grouped together as type 709, Snow White. Others of this kind include "Bella Venezia", "Myrsina", "Nourie Hadig" and "Gold-Tree and Silver-Tree". Read more . . . 
      The coloring pages below are based upon a very old European fairy tale version of "Snow White." I have redrawn them entirely for printing and coloring. Teachers and homeschoolers may print unlimited copies of these particular images for their classroom activities. The captions below describe the event in the story illustrated. Read the full version of the story here.
A Queen, Snow White's mother, sat at her palace window, which had an ebony black frame, stitching her husband's shirts.
"Take the child away into the forest. I will never look upon her again. You must kill her, and bring me her heart and tongue for a token." (said the evil stepmother to the huntsman)
"Oh, heavens! oh, heavens!" said they; "what a beauty she is!" and they were so much delighted that they would not awaken her, but left her to sleep, and the seventh Dwarf, in whose bed she was, slept with each of his fellows one hour, and so passed the night.
"What! are you afraid of it?" cried the old woman. "There, see—I will cut the apple in halves; do you eat the red cheeks, and I will eat the core." (The apple was so artfully made that the red cheeks alone were poisoned.)
Then they ordered a case to be made of glass. In this they could see the body on all sides, and the Dwarfs wrote her name with golden letters upon the glass, saying that she was a King's daughter.
Full of joy, the Prince answered, "You are safe with me." And he told to her what she had suffered, and how he would rather have her than any other for his wife, and he asked her to accompany him home to the castle of the King his father.
More Links to Snow White:

Monday, November 18, 2013

How to Make Crayon Monoprints


and

Coloring Page of "The Woodcutter's Song"

      The above coloring sheet is from "Walter Crane's Painting Book" for children.  I have also included the small color image below by Crane for coloring reference. These were also included in the original coloring book when it was first published in 1880. I have posted the Mother Goose Rhyme that I believe Crane to have made the illustration for. These rhymes were well known in the late 1800s but are no longer chanted by the school children of today.

The Woodcutter’s Song
Oak logs will warm you well  
That are old and dry  
Logs of pine will sweetly smell   
But the sparks will fly 
Birchs long will burn too fast  
Chestnut scarce at all sir  
Hawthorn logs are good to last  
That are cut well in the fall sir 
Surely you will find  
There´s no compare 
with the hard wood logs  
That´s cut in the winter time 
Holly logs will burn like wax
 
You could burn them green  
Elm logs burn like smouldering flax  
With no flame to be seen  
Beech logs for winter time  
Yew logs as well sir  
Green elder logs it is a crime  
For any man to sell sir 
Surely you will find  
There´s no compare 
with the hard wood logs  
That´s cut in the winter time 
Pear logs and apple logs 
 
They will scent your room  
and cherry logs across the dogs  
They smell like flowers of broom  
But ash logs smooth and grey  
Buy them green or old, sir  
and buy up all that come your way 
They´re worth their weight in gold sir 

Coloring Page of "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush"

      The above coloring sheet is from "Walter Crane's Painting Book" for children.  I have also included the small color image below by Crane for coloring reference. These were also included in the original coloring book when it was first published in 1880. I have posted the Mother Goose Rhyme that I believe Crane to have made the illustration for. These rhymes were well known in the late 1800s but are no longer chanted by the school children of today.
 
The most common modern version of the rhyme is:
Here we go round the mulberry bush,
The mulberry bush,
The mulberry bush.
Here we go round the mulberry bush
So early in the morning.

Sunday, November 17, 2013

"Little Red Riding Hood" at Thrifty Scissors

Visit the Thrifty Scissors Today! Pin this image
only please.
      Little Red Riding Hood, or Little Red Ridinghood, also known as Little Red Cap or simply Red Riding Hood, is a French and later European fairy tale about a young girl and a Big Bad Wolf. The story has been changed considerably in its history and subject to numerous modern adaptations and readings. The story was first published by Charles Perrault. Little Red Riding Hood is number 333 in the Aarne-Thompson classification system for folktales. Read more . . .
      The coloring pages below are based upon a very old European fairy tale version of "Little Red Riding Hood." I have redrawn and resized them for printing and coloring. Teachers and homeschoolers may print unlimited copies of these particular images for their classroom activities.
Little Red Riding Hood gives her mother hugs and kisses before starting her
 long journey through the woods to visit her elderly grandmother. See, her mother has
made up a basket of food for her to take.
Color this picture of Little Red Riding Hood walking through the woods.
Above is a coloring page of Little Red Riding Hood knocking at her
grandmother's cottage door.
Color this picture of Little Red Riding Hood asking the wolf, who is in
disguise, "Grandmother, what big eyes you have?"
More Excellent Links to Little Red Riding Hood:
       "Ms. Booksy puts her spin on the classic Little Red Riding Hood fairy tale story, complete with a big bad wolf, a little old grandma, Twinkies, hot sauce, ketchup, mayonnaise, and more! What story do you want to hear next? Let us know in the comments below! And subscribe so you'll never miss a Cool School class every Friday!" from coolschool
Teachers may print out this picture puzzle of Little Red Riding Hood.
Spin it around and try to find the Big Bad Wolf hiding somewhere in the woods.

Silhouette of Mother and Child In A Garden

A silhouette of a mother and child touching noses;
 they are pictured with a vase of lilies.

"Cinderella" at Thrifty Scissors

Visit the Thrifty Scissors Today! Pin this image
only please.
       Cinderella, or The Little Glass Slipper, (French: Cendrillon, ou La petite Pantoufle de Verre, Italian: Cenerentola, German: Aschenputtel) is a folk tale embodying a myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward. Thousands of variants are known throughout the world. The title character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances that are suddenly changed to remarkable fortune. The oldest documented version comes from China, and the oldest European version from Italy. The most popular version was first published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697, and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms' Fairy Tales.
       Although both the story's title and the character's name change in different languages, in English-language folklore "Cinderella" is the archetypal name. The word "cinderella" has, by analogy, come to mean one whose attributes were unrecognized, or one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity and neglect. The still-popular story of "Cinderella" continues to influence popular culture internationally, lending plot elements, allusions, and tropes to a wide variety of media. Read more . . .
       The coloring pages below are based upon a very old European fairy tale version of Cinderella called, "The Little Glass Slipper." I have redrawn and resized them for printing and coloring. Teachers and homeschoolers may print unlimited copies of these particular images for their classroom activities.

In this coloring page Cinderella's step-mother made her do all the hard work
of the house; scrub the floor, polish the grates, wait at the table,
and wash up the plates and dishes.
You can color the picture of the day, Cinderella's two step-sisters received an invitation
 to a ball that was to be given at the palace of the King, in honor of his son
 the Prince, who had just come of age. An invitation to this ball being a great honor,
the sisters were in high glee, and at once began making ready to appear there in
 grand style.
This coloring page shows that Cinderella soon dried her tears; and when her godmother said,
"Fetch me a pumpkin," she ran and got the largest she could find.
This coloring page shows that there was a great stir at the palace when the splendid carriage
was driven up, and Cinderella alighted. The Lord High Chamberlain himself escorted
 her to the ball-room, and introduced her to the Prince, who at once
claimed her hand for the next dance. Cinderella was in a whirl of delight,
and the hours flew all too fast.
Color Cinderella as she jumps up from her seat by the side of the Prince, rushes across
the room, and flies down stairs, at the stroke of midnight.
In this coloring page, the King's son decides he will marry the lady who is able to wear the glass slipper which was dropped
at the late ball at the royal palace.
This coloring page illustrates Cinderella consenting to become the prince's wife. Their wedding soon took place, the festivities attending it being the most splendid that had ever been seen in the kingdom.

More Cinderella Coloring Pages:
More "Cinderella Stories" Online:
Cinderella in Ads:
Modern Versions of "Cinderella" movie trailers:
Cinderella Web Pages:

Print and cut-out the mystery jigsaw to find out who is pictured.

Sunday, November 10, 2013

Color and Shade Vintage Racing Cars

      Above and below are "digital tracings," of vintage race cars. Students may practice shading techniques on top of the printed digital tracing. After a student learns shading techniques with a number 2 pencil, he or she may choose to try working with colored pencils or even watercolors in order to enhance the digital tracing above. 
      Advanced students may be challenged to color and shade the digital tracing in colored pencils.


      I have included below a video of vintage race cars by Chris Ashworth. These Indy Cars are from the 1950s and were shown at the Michigan International Speedway. You can click on the lower right hand part of the video to visit youtube and read more about it.
      Also watch more video that I've linked to below in order to see the equipment of the cars and how these were typically finished before drawing on top of your own digital tracings.


More Related Content:

Coloring Pages of Antique Automobiles

I will upload many more cars here eventually. I have dozens on file but they need to be redrawn and resized for the internet.
Old-fashioned Chevrolet.
   
Old Studebakers are from 1906. Have fun coloring pictures of the cars driven by your great grandparents!
Find More Cars to Color:

Working With Melted Crayons


"This little video shows you how to use the melted crayon technique on a die cut and then etch into it to bring out details. The etched lines may then be covered in crayon again to darken them or left as light lines.

The die cut is available from www.paperthreads.com; just laury
For a limited time I will be giving away the die cut files for this little fish on my blog justlaury.paperthreads.com
( by downloading the little fish you are agreeing to abide by my terms of use as listed on my blog)"

Music is from superfan2010.com
Carly Comando's Cordelias Lullaby
find more of Carly's music at www.deepelm.com or on itunes
video by Laury Vaden

Color This Bird in A Meadow by Kate Greenway

This bird in a meadow was illustrated by Kate Greenway in 1880 for a young student's paint book.

More About Kate Greenaway:

Color Two Billy Goat Friends


      I've included the video below so that teachers and parents can show the video and then talk with their student or child about the colors and characteristics they see in the real Nubian goats before making selections of materials to color their own picture.

Additional coloring pages of goats:

Color This Barnyard Scene by Kate Greenway


      This coloring page is from the one from one of the earliest coloring books published in the United States. The author was George Weatherly and the illustrator Kate Greenaway, "The little folks nature paint book" was published in 1880.
      In the 1800s coloring books included poems and stories as well as coloring pages. Students were expected to use watercolors to fill in the illustrations instead of crayons.
      You can paint this coloring page with watercolors if you print it out on water color paper. This is a sturdier paper with a slight texture that "grips" the watery paints so that these will not run or pool all over the paper's surface.

"A video about one of the first famous Children's Literature authors, Kate Greenaway. The video reveals how colored children's books were made, using wood blocks that had the pictures and text etched out in them."