Tuesday, September 24, 2013

Weave Indian Corn for Autumn Fun!

An example of woven Indian corn.
      This craft project for fall is a classic. It is both simple and fitting for any classroom teacher's October theme. I suggest that it is best taught to 3rd graders. You will need to cut a large corn shaped pattern and cut across the width of the shape with narrow slashes. Do not cut through the end pieces of the cob's shape. You are going to be tucking the narrow strips of paper into the shape as you are weaving. Alternate at least three Autumn colors of paper as you go. I chose to include tan, yellow, and pale orange, but you could use many other color combinations. Teachers may wish to purchase several lovely ears of Indian corn to display in the classroom so that students can make comparisons between their own color selections and those found in nature. 
  • For the corn cob you will only be weaving strips in one direction by the same method shown in the video below. 
  • The cob shape will be slashed down the length of it's center only but not all the way to it's end. 
  • As students weave these paper strips they may also use masking tape on the backside of the cob to keep the woven strips in place. 
  • The backside of the cob will be glued to green or tan leaves and the tape will not be seen in any case. This little step helps young students to manipulate the woven craft to greater satisfaction.
  •  When your woven Indian corn is finished, simply snip off the ruff edges to create an polished looking project. 
  • Then glue on a few green leaves to frame the cob nicely.
      I've included a video below to show the simple technique of paper weaving, for those of you who may not have attempted to teach it before. In this video, the technique demonstrates weaving done with strips only. This makes the craft a bit more difficult. Perhaps students of 4th grade classrooms could complete it best.

When making a woven mat as part of a kids' art project, a large piece of cardboard is needed as the background. Make a woven mat with tips from an art teacher in this free video on art for kids.

Expert: Pauline Stannard
Bio: Pauline Stannard has over 20 years of teaching experience and runs art workshops for children.
Filmmaker: Kathy Stannard 


Weaving Projects During the Holidays:
 

Draw a Scarecrow Emphasizing The Use of Pattern(s)

      This drawing lesson, for 3rd through 5th grade, requires students to first draw with black ink markers on white paper. The challenge is to draw many patterned spaces within the context of a larger theme. I have selected a scarecrow in a corn field theme for my teacher's sample above. After students have finished drawing their scarecrows, they may then color these in with a combined selection of metallic and regular ink pens.

More Scarecrow Art Projects:

Paint, Cut and Paste Your Own Bumpy Little Pumpkins

      This little story reminds me of the trips my husband and I used to take to the pumpkin patch with our children every year when they were small. They would roam the fields for an entire afternoon looking for the perfect pumpkins to carve on Halloween. My husband would pull them in a little red wagon when their small legs became tired. It was a charming annual event and some of our best photo opportunities happened in the pumpkin patch. 
      The little girl in this story feels self-conscious about her preference for the bumpy pumpkin. Her sisters tease her but her animal friends encourage her to trust her own artistic vision for the bumpy jack-o-lantern she imagines in her head. I will be reading this sweet little story at the early learning center this Fall and will also include a bumpy little pumpkin craft along with it.
"The Bumpy Little Pumpkin" by Margery Cuyler is illustrated by Will Hillenbrand. Teaches young students the importance of perseverance and individual taste.
I used the above pictures sponge rollers for the painting of these little bumpy pumpkins. I also mixed together both red glittery paint and a bright orange acrylic to achieve the color and texture used in this Halloween craft.
These "baby faced" jack-o-lanterns wouldn't scare anybody. A simple and sweet cut and paste project for very young students.

Friday, September 20, 2013

"The Miser" by Aesop





      A miser, to make sure of his property, sold all that he had and converted it into a great lump of gold, which he hid in a hole in the ground, and went continually to visit and inspect it. This roused the curiosity of one of his workmen, who suspected that there was a treasure, when his master's back was turned, went to the spot, and stole it away. When the Miser returned and found the place empty, he wept and tore his hair. But a neighbour who saw him in this extravagant grief, and learned the cause of it, said, "Fret thyself no longer, but take a stone and put it in the same place, and think that it is your lump of gold; for, as you never meant to use it, the one will do you as much good as the other."

The moral of the story: The worth of money is not in its possession, but in its use.

The fable on the left may be printed freely for classroom use.

"The Sheep And The Pig" by Aesop

This particular fable by Aesop was originally illustrated by Milo Winter. I have restored the print and also attached
 the same original English translation of Aesop's "The sheep and the pig" so that teachers may print the two together
 and pass the fable out in the classroom for study.
      One day a shepherd discovered a fat Pig in the meadow where his Sheep were pastured. He very quickly captured the porker, which squealed at the top of its voice the moment the Shepherd laid his hands on it. You would have thought to hear a the loud squealing, that the Pig was being cruelly hurt. But in spite of its squeals and struggles to escape, the Shepherd tucked his prize under his arm and started off to the butcher's in the market place.
      The Sheep in the pasture were much astonished and amused at the Pig's behavior, and followed the Shepherd and his charge to the pasture gate.
      "what makes you squeal like that?" asked on of the Sheep, "The Shepherd often catches and carries off one of us. But we should feel very much ashamed to make such a terrible fuss about it like you do."
      "That is all very well," replied the Pig, with a squeal and a frantic kick. "When he catches you he is only after your wool. But he wants my bacon! gree-ee-ee!"

      Moral of the story: It is easy to be brave when there is no danger.

"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary" by Goodridge



"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary" is a popular English nursery rhyme. The rhyme has been seen as having religious and historical significance, but its origins and meaning are disputed. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19626.

The most common modern version is:
Mary, Mary, quite contrary,
How does your garden grow?
With silver bells, and cockle shells,
And pretty maids all in a row.
The oldest known version was first published in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book (c. 1744) with the following lyrics:
Mistress Mary, Quite contrary,
How does your garden grow?
With Silver Bells, And Cockle Shells,
And so my garden grows.
Several printed versions of the eighteenth century have the lyrics:
Mistress Mary, Quite contrary,
How does your garden grow?
With Silver Bells, And Cockle Shells,
Sing cuckolds all in a row.
The last line has the most variation including:
Cowslips all in a row.
and
With lady bells all in a row.

Tuesday, September 17, 2013

"Fall Into Learning" Bulletin Board

      At the learning center, I was given the task of decorating our bulletin board. It is covered with a tan burlap and is also quite large. I didn't want to purchase more expensive butcher paper to cover this giant display; our school is too small to invest in big quantities of paper. So, I decided to cover the board with papers that would compliment the board in it's original state. As you can see, I layered browns, greens and reds to imply a tree and then stapled photos and art projects of our young students to it's surface. I switch out the photos and art almost every week, but the "tree" will remain intact for at least one more month, maybe even longer.
      If you should decide to use the same idea, stack at least four large pieces of construction paper together and staple these between the leaf tracings. Then cut out your leaves in bulk. Otherwise, you will drive yourself crazy trying to cut so many of them. Also take these leaves up and down carefully so that you may use them to decorate your room and hallways for more than just one year. Teachers always have need of simple decorations. 
      Students can also help cut leaves similar to these as well. Use this activity to encourage them to feel as though their classroom is a lovely, cheerful space where they can participate in it's care. Many times I have heard teachers complain about not having time or talent to decorate their rooms. However, an afternoon spent with their pupils crafting a few simple leaves and apples will go far in brightening up their classroom space and teachers will find it a much simpler/enjoyable endeavor if they do it as a group activity.

Sunday, September 15, 2013

The Horse and The Wolf

      As a Wolf was roaming over a farm, he came to a field of oats, but not being able to eat them, he left them and went his way.Presently, meeting with a Horse, he bade him come with him into the field, "For," says he, "I have found some capital oats; and I have not tasted one, but have kept them all for you, for the very sound of your teeth is music to my ear." But the Horse replied, "A pretty fellow! if Wolves were able to eat oats, I suspect you would not have preferred your ears to your appetite."

MORAL. Little thanks are due to him, who only gives away whatever is of no use to himself.

Saturday, September 14, 2013

Stringing Beads at The Early Learning Center

      Stringing beads will help your little one develop small motor skills. However, it could also teach him or her even more! Teach your children to also make patterns with the beads. The patterns can be about color, shape or size. By learning to mimic patterns and/or design their own, young children practice a very significant pre-literacy skill; words and sentences have shape, length, pattern and location too!
      Just left, you can see that one of my young students is learning to make patterns and also to follow directions. During her assignment, she was required to string the beads according to the instructions of the lead teacher. She had to listen carefully, concentrate on the order of colors and determine the size of each apple shaped bead in order to complete the assignment. This was a more advanced variation of the stringing project she was asked to perform last week. Every time she completes one stringing activity with confidence, she will be given a new slightly more difficult stringing assignment to accomplish. Step-by-step she will be taught increasingly more complex procedures and by the time she enters kindergarten, she will be ready to 'string' letters from the alphabet together in order to read and write sentences.
      If stringing beads is too difficult for your child, replace the string with pipe cleaners. The chenille stems are stiffer and therefore, easier to poke through beads. When teachers, parents or anyone really, makes concessions for the limited abilities of  students, teachers call this adaptation scaffolding. As this little girl grows and her motor skill develops, she will be able to string beads with a shoe string and eventually a needle and thread. 
"In this in-service suite teachers learn ways to help 
children when they struggle to learn a concept or 
complete an activity. More information is available

Scrumdiddlyumptious Apple and Quince Treats and Recipes!

      It has been said that apples may be prepared in more than 200 different ways; and following the slogan "Eat an apple a day and keep the doctor away," it should prove easy and interesting to serve them at least once daily in late September menus.
      Quinces and crabapples, while not so popular as the apples, may also form the basis of many delicious dishes, and in the way of preserves, a savory catsup, jellies and marmalade they are two of our best fall fruits. 
      In making quince jelly be sure that not a single seed is cooked with the fruit, as these have a mucilaginous property which will prevent jelling, giving instead a ropy, thick syrup.
      Baked and as sauce are the most popular ways of serving apples, and yet these may be varied so that a different style is possible for every day in the week. When cooking apple sauce if it be strained do not core or pare the fruit--merely cut into pieces and add the water. This saves time, gives a larger quantity of sauce and more flavor and color.
      If apples are to be cooked in quarters, first cook the skins and cores in cold water, with a few slices of orange or lemon, stick cinnamon and a dusting of nutmeg. Then strain, and in this juice cook the apples. It will give a better flavor to the fruit and a richer syrup. Apples cooked in this way are practically preserved and are delicious served as a compote. Raisins, dates, figs or preserved ginger may be added to suit the individual taste.
      This same method of cooking is recommended for stewing crabapples and quinces; these are excellent as compotes.
      Never attempt to cook a dry sweet apple, as no matter what the recipe the result will be a flavorless dish. Select rather tart, juicy cooking apples and always add as little water as possible, so as not to dilute the true flavor. Virginia Carter Lee, New York Tribune, September 24, 1922.

New England Baked Apples
      For the New England baked apples butter a quart baking dish, fill with peeled, quartered apples, dust lightly with ground cinnamon and a bit of grated lemon peel. Add one cupful of maple syrup, cover and bake in a slow oven until tender. Serve with cream.
Escalloped Quinces
      To prepare baked escalloped quinces, pare, core and cut the fruit in halves. Place with the hollow side up in a pan, fill the cavities with sugar, add a few slices of orange and pour in enough quince liquor (made by boiling the skins) to half cover the fruit. Covert he dish or pan and bake for several hours in a slow oven. Then uncover, dust thickly with crushed, dried bread crumbs mixed with melted butter and brown over in a quick oven. Serve with a hard sauce flavored with vanilla.
Apple Toast and Bacon
       Apple toast with bacon is a very good breakfast dish. For an individual service stew a peeled and quartered apple in one tablespoon of butter, two of water and one of sugar. When tender arrange on a round of fried bread and lay over the top, two slices of crisp broiled bacon.
More Apple Ideas
      In preparing either the apple muffins or cornbread merely add chopped, peeled apples to your usual batter and slightly increase the amount of sugar and baking powder.
      The variety of apple salads is almost endless, and this fruit combines admirably with either chopped celery or shredded cabbage. Used with the latter it gives a particularly healthful salad and one especially adapted to serve the children's health and happiness. A few chopped walnuts are a great addition and either a boiled or mayonnaise dressing is recommended. 
      For the carbapple pie slice the flesh from the cores of the apples but do not peel them. Fill into a deep pie plate lined with pastry and cover with bits of butter, one and a half cupfuls of sugar and a slight dusting of nutmeg. Cover the top with strips of pastry, arranging crisscross fashion and bake in a moderate oven.
Glace Crabapple
      The glace crabapples are prepared from an old-fashioned recipe and are especially good; they may be stored as canned fruit or will keep for some time in stone crocks. Select a firm, red variety and for a peck of the fruit allow five pounds of sugar. Put the fruit and sugar in layers into a stone crock or deep casserole and add two broken sticks of cinnamon and a tablespoonful of cassia buds. Cover the jars with a buttered paper and bake in a slow oven for two and a half hours. This dish is very good prepared in a fireless cooker. (Crock Pot, set on low it would take longer than two hours to cook!)
Apples and Sweet Potatoes
      A very excellent dish is the escallop of apples and sweet potatoes. Peel and cut boiled sweet potatoes into quarter-inch slices. Butter a baking dish, put in a layer of the potatoes, sprinkle with grated nutmeg and dot with bits of butter. Cover with a layer of thinly sliced apples and dust with ground cinnamon. Continue with alternate layers of apples and potatoes and sprinkle the apples lightly with brown sugar. When the ingredients are used have the top layer of potatoes and cover with buttered crumbs. Bake for one hour in a moderate oven.
Apple Frosting
      A delicious filling for a layer cake can be made from apples. Boil one cupful of sugar with one-third of a cupful of water (without stirring) until it threads and pour on the stiffly whipped white of one egg. Continue to beat until thick and fold in one grated tart apple and a half teaspoonful of orange extract. Spread the filling between the cake layers and sprinkle with minced candied orange peel. A cake filled with frosting should be eaten the same day or it becomes soggy.
Apple Betty With Cheese
      Mix four tablespoonfuls of melted oleo with two cupfuls of soft bread crumbs. Some people prefer the browness and added flavor of crumbs sauted in butter. Pare, core and slice four apples. Mix together one-third of a cuptul of brown sugar, half a teaspoonful of ground cinnamon, a quarter of a teaspoonful each of the ground cloves and nutmeg and a quarter of a teaspoonful of salt.
      Arrange the alternate layers of crumbs and apples in a buttered baking dish, sprinkling the fruit with the seasonal sugar. Continue the layers until the dish is filled and pour over a syrup made from two tablespoonfuls of hot water, the juice of half a lemon and a tablespoonful of sugar.
      Cover the top with the crumbs mixed with three tablespoonfuls of grated cheese and bake slowly for forty minutes. Cover the pudding at first, so that it will not brown too quickly.

You know when autumn has arrived when the crab apple trees are sagging under the weight of fruit. Carb apples are great for making jelly as they are full of pectin. In this video I therefore show you how to make crab apple jelly. More about wild foods at www.self-sufficientinsuburbia.blogspot.c
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Crabapple Catsup 
      Cook five pounds of crabapples with one pint of vinegar for eight minutes, or until the fruit is soft. Press through a fine sieve, turn into a preserving kettle and add two and a half pounds of brown sugar, three tablespoonfuls of ground cinnamon and half a tablespoonful each of salt, paprika and ground cloves. Simmer until thick and store in sterilized, self-sealing bottles, as for tomato catsup.   
Crabapple Ice Cream 
      Have ready one pint of sifted, well sweetened apple sauce that has been flavored while cooking with ground cinnamon, grated nutmeg and lemon juice to taste. Have the sauce quite thick and while hot stir in two tablespoonfuls of melted butter. Cool, chill on the ice and fold in the stiffly whipped white of one egg and one pint of double cream that has been whipped solid and sweetened with two tablespoonfuls of powdered sugar. Freeze slowly, using three parts of ice to one of rock salt.
Quince Marmalade
      Cook the skins of the pared quinces in water to well done. For every quart, cover and add also yellow rind of one large lemon. Cook for forty minutes, then strain and in this liquid cook the cored fruit that has been cut into small pieces. When the fruit is tender press through a fine sieve and allow three-quarters of a cupful of sugar for each cup of the pulp. Let the quince cook for twenty minutes, add the hot water and for a pint of the combined fruit and sugar add the juice of half a lemon and half a cupful of blanched chopped almonds. Cook down quite thick and store as for jelly. (Do not use any of the quince seeds.)
Marlboro Pie
      Wipe and cut in quarters three large juicy apples. Steam until tender, rub through a fine sieve and add one-third of a cupful of butter. Add one-third of a cupful of sugar, three lightly beaten eggs, the rind of half an orange, grated, a few grains of salt, four tablespoonfuls of thick cream and a tablespoonful and a half each of grape juice and lemon juice. Have ready a deep pie plate lined with pastry, put on an ornamental rim, turn in the mixture and bake in a moderate oven until firm. Cover the top with sweetened whipped cream arranged in a lattice fashion and garnished cubes of crabapple jelly.
Spiced Apple Jelly
      Cut half a peck of juicy cooking apples in three pints of vinegar and one pint of water until soft, adding an ounce of broken stick cinnamon, two slices of lemon, half an ounce of whole cloves and half a teaspoonful of grated nutmeg. When soft drain through a jelly bag, boil the juice for twenty minutes and add three quarters of a cup of sugar for each cupful of the juice. Simmer until it jells, skim well and store as for ordinary jelly. This is delicious served with chicken, duck, roast pork and either cold or hot ham.
Apple Foam
      Have all the ingredients thoroughly chilled. Turn into a large bowl, two-thirds of cupful of sweetened, strained apple sauce (flavored with lemon and nutmeg) and add two tablespoonfuls of finely minced preserved ginger, two stiffly whipped egg whites blended with two tablespoonfuls of powdered sugar and half a cupful of thick cream, beaten solid. Turn into parfait glasses lined with strips of sponge cake and top each portion with a maraschino cherry.
Spiced Crabapples
      If the crabapples are hard they should be steamed before being added to the syrup. With the softened fruit press two cloves into each crabapple after removing the blossom ends. Prepare syrup from cooking together three and half pounds of brown sugar , three cupfuls of vinegar, about one and half cupfuls of water, one dozen cassia buds and three ounces of broken cinnamon sticks. When this has cooked seven minutes put in the crabapples, a few at a time, and cook until tender, but not broken. Skim out into sterilized jars, simmer down the syrup until quite thick and fill the jars to overflow. Seal as for canned fruit. Divide the spices among the jars.

More Apple Treats:
More Desserts Made With Quince:

Harvester Picture Puzzle

Find the harvester's hired man and the harvester's grandchild.

How Halloween Came To Be Celebrated in Christendom


English: All Saints Day Sanok.
During Hallowmas, many 
Christian believers visit graveyards
 in order to place flowers and candles 
on the graves of their loved ones.
        North American almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was celebrated here. the Puritans of New England, for example, maintained strong opposition to Halloween and its was not until the mass Irish and Scottish immigration during the 19th century that it was brought to North America in earnest. Confined to the immigrant communities during the mid-19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and by the first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds.     
      Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. The turnip has traditionally been used in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween, but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger – making it easier to carve than a turnip. Subsequently, the mass marketing of various size pumpkins in autumn, in both the corporate and local markets, has made pumpkins universally available for this purpose. The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837 and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.
      The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein and Dracula) and classic horror films (such as Frankenstein and The Mummy). One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, "Bogies" (ghosts), influencing Robert Burns' Halloween 1785. Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes in the United States are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. The autumn colors are most commonly associated with All Hallow's Eve because of the time of year that it takes place during.
       Halloween, as with many other holidays, has frequently been associated with unsavory themes; themes like death, evil, the occult, and mythical monsters because there are many people who are entertained and preoccupied with this kind of negativity. If we allow others to take what can be thoughtfully understood and celebrated for positive reasons, every holiday no matter what the origins, will be manipulated to the advantage of those in our culture to represent what they care about. Halloween has long been misrepresented in popular American culture as something evil, but it does not need to be.
       All Hallows Eve is was often celebrated to be about the triumph of good over evil for many centuries. On Hallowe'en (All Hallows' Eve), in Poland, believers are taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests toll their church bells in order to allow their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows' Eve. The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe'en through a vigil "when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself." This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints; an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom. After the service, "suitable festivities and entertainments" often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows' Day or All Saint's Day.
      The origin of the festival of All Saints celebrated in the West dates to 13 May 609 or 610, when Pope Boniface IV consecrated the Pantheon at Rome to the Blessed Virgin and all the martyrs; the feast of the dedicatio Sanctae Mariae ad Martyres has been celebrated at Rome ever since. There is evidence that from the fifth through the seventh centuries there existed in certain places and at sporadic intervals a feast date on 13 May to celebrate the holy martyrs. The origin of All Saints' Day cannot be traced with certainty, and it has been observed on various days in different places. However, there are some who maintain the belief that it has origins in the pagan observation of 13 May, the Feast of the Lemures, in which the malevolent and restless spirits of the dead were propitiated. Liturgiologists base the idea that this Lemuria festival was the origin of that of All Saints on their identical dates and on the similar theme of "all the dead".
      The feast of All Saints, on its current date, is traced to the foundation by Pope Gregory III (731–741) of an oratory in St. Peter's for the relics "of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors, of all the just made perfect who are at rest throughout the world", with the day moved to 1 November and the 13 May feast suppressed.
      This fell on the Celtic holiday of Samhain, which had a theme similar to the Roman festival of Lemuria, but which was also a harvest festival. The Irish, having celebrated Samhain in the past, did not celebrate All Hallows Day on this 1 November date, as extant historical documents attest that the celebration in Ireland took place in the spring: "...the Felire of Oengus and the Martyrology of Tallaght prove that the early medieval churches [in Ireland] celebrated the feast of All Saints on April 20."
      A November festival of all the saints was already widely celebrated on 1 November in the days of Charlemagne. It was made a day of obligation throughout the Frankish empire in 835, by a decree of Louis the Pious, issued "at the instance of Pope Gregory IV and with the assent of all the bishops", which confirmed its celebration on 1 November. The octave was added by Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484).
      The festival was retained after the Reformation in the calendar of the Anglican Church and in many Lutheran churches. In the Lutheran churches, such as the Church of Sweden, it assumes a role of general commemoration of the dead. In the Swedish calendar, the observance takes place on the Saturday between 31 October and 6 November. In many Lutheran Churches, it is moved to the first Sunday of November. In the Church of England it may be celebrated either on 1 November or on the Sunday between 30 October and 5 November. It is also celebrated by other Protestants of the English tradition, such as the United Church of Canada, the Methodist churches, and the Wesleyan Church.
      Protestants generally regard all true Christian believers as saints and if they observe All Saints Day at all they use it to remember all Christians both past and present. In the United Methodist Church, All Saints' Day is celebrated on the first Sunday in November. It is held, not only to remember Saints, but also to remember all those who have died who were members of the local church congregation. In some congregations, a candle is lit by the Acolyte as each person's name is called out by the clergy. Prayers and responsive readings may accompany the event. Often, the names of those who have died in the past year are affixed to a memorial plaque.
      In many Lutheran churches, All Saints' Day and Reformation Day are observed concurrently on the Sunday before or after those dates, given Reformation Day is observed in Protestant Churches on 31 October. Typically, Martin Luther's "A Mighty Fortress is Our God" is sung during the service. Besides discussing Luther's role in the Protestant Reformation, some recognition of the prominent early leaders of the Reformed tradition, such as John Calvin and John Knox, occurs. The observance of Reformation Day may be immediately followed by a reading of those members of the local congregation who have died in the past year in observance of All Saints' Day. Otherwise, the recognition of deceased church members occurs at another designated portion of the service.